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proof of completion

  • 1 аварийное завершение

    1. abend
    2. abnormal termination

    завершение цикла; выход из цикла — loop termination

    3. emergency completion

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > аварийное завершение

  • 2 завершение

    1. consummation
    2. rundown
    3. terminating
    4. termination
    5. conclusion; end; completion
    6. crown
    Синонимический ряд:
    окончание (сущ.) конец; окончание; финал; финиш

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > завершение

  • 3 свидетельство

    1) General subject: attestation, certificate, diploma, document, evidence, licence, record (чего-л.), report, sign, testimonial, testimony, trophy, verifier, witness, testament, first-hand account
    3) Military: license, ticket
    6) Religion: Testimonium ("testimony", сокр. Test.)
    8) Economy: equity paper
    9) Diplomatic term: (письменное) voucher
    11) Advertising: seal
    12) Patents: brevet (?)
    13) Business: demonstration, voucher
    14) Sakhalin energy glossary: (чего-то) testament to (smth.)
    15) Education: Certificate of Completion (awarded to "full name" to certify...)
    16) Automation: proof
    17) leg.N.P. certificate (written), testimonial certificate (written)
    18) Makarov: licence (о наличии определённых прав), service certificate, tale

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > свидетельство

  • 4 Frist

    Frist f 1. GEN time limit, time span, period; 2. RECHT deadline • die Frist für etw. verlängern GEN extend the time limit for sth • eine letzte Frist setzen MGT, RECHT set a final deadline • in der mittleren Frist GEN in the medium term (Synonym: mittelfristig) • innerhalb einer Frist von GEN within a period of • mit einer Frist von zwei Tagen GEN at two days’ notice
    * * *
    f < Geschäft> time limit, time span, period ■ die Frist für etw. verlängern < Geschäft> extend the time limit for sth ■ mit einer Frist von zwei Tagen < Geschäft> at two days' notice
    * * *
    Frist
    period [of time], time [allowed], prescribed (definite) period, (Aufschub) extension, prolongation, (Kündigungsfrist) notice, (Termin) time limit, terminal date, [set, fixed] term, deadline (US), (Zahlungsaufschub) delay, respite, grace, extension;
    • auf kurze Frist (Kredit) on short terms;
    • in angemessener Frist within a reasonable period of time;
    • in kürzester Frist at a minute’s warning (very short notice), within the shortest possible time;
    • innerhalb der gesetzlichen Frist within the time allowed by the law;
    • innerhalb der vorgeschriebenen Frist within the required time;
    • nach Ablauf dieser Frist after expiration of this period;
    • unter Einhaltung einer Frist keeping within a period of;
    • abgelaufene Frist elapsed time;
    • achttägige Frist eight-day period;
    • angegebene Frist stated period;
    • angemessene Frist reasonable length of time;
    • äußerste Frist final date, deadline (US);
    • festgesetzte Frist fixed time;
    • gesetzliche Frist statutory period;
    • zusätzlich gewährte Frist additional time;
    • kurze Frist short notice (date, delay);
    • letzte Frist final respite;
    • richterliche Frist regular term;
    • vereinbarte Frist specific period;
    • vertraglich vereinbarte Frist term agreed upon;
    • zusätzliche Frist extension of time;
    • Frist zur Beweiserhebung probationary term (US);
    • Frist zur Klageerhebung notice to plead;
    • Frist für die Kündigung term of notice;
    • Frist von einer Stunde an hour’s delay;
    • Frist abkürzen to shorten a period;
    • auf kurze Frist ausleihen to loan for a short period;
    • Frist berechnen to compute a period;
    • Frist einhalten to observe (comply with, adhere to) a time limit, to meet the deadline;
    • Fristen und Kostenvoranschläge einhalten to be on time and on budget;
    • Frist einräumen to allow time (a breathing space, fam.), to accord (grant) a respite;
    • Frist festsetzen to set a period of time;
    • Frist gewähren to allow grace, to accord (grant) a respite, to grant time, to [allow] time;
    • dem Schuldner eine Frist von einer Woche gewähren to give a debtor a week’s grace;
    • einen Tag Frist gewähren to grant (give) a day’s grace;
    • für eine Tratte noch einen Monat Frist gewähren to extend (prolong) a draft for another month;
    • jem. mit einer Frist von einem Monat kündigen to give s. o. a month’s notice;
    • Frist verstreichen lassen to let the appointed time pass;
    • Frist setzen to fix a period, to lay down a time limit;
    • für die Fertigstellung einer Arbeit eine Frist setzen to set a time for the completion of a job;
    • Frist zur Forderungsanmeldung setzen to limit time to make proof of one’s claims;
    • Frist von sechs Monaten setzen to give six months notice;
    • Frist überschreiten to exceed the prescribed period (a time limit);
    • Frist verkürzen to abridge a time, to shorten a term;
    • Frist verlängern to extend a period (the time);
    • Frist zur Abgabe einer Erklärung verlängern to extend the time for filing an answer;
    • Frist vorsehen to provide a time limit;
    • Frist wahren to observe a term;
    • Frist zugestehen to accord a respite;
    • Fristablauf expiration (expiry) of a period, end of a term, elapsed time, lapse of time, deadline;
    • ohne Fristangabe without day;
    • Fristberechnung calculation of (computing) time, computation of a term (period);
    • bei der Fristberechnung in reckoning time;
    • Fristbestimmung fixation of a period;
    • Frist bewilligung, Fristeinräumung granting of time;
    • Fristeinhaltung observation of a time limit;
    • Fristeinlagen term (time, US) deposits.

    Business german-english dictionary > Frist

  • 5 क्रिया _kriyā

    क्रिया [कृ भावे करणादौ वा श cf. P.III]
    1 Doing, execu- tion, performance, accomplishment; उपचार˚, धर्म˚; प्रत्युक्तं हि प्रणयिषु सतामीप्सितार्थक्रियैव Me.116.
    -2 An action, act, business, undertaking; प्रणयिक्रिया V.4.15; Ms.2.4.
    -3 Activity, bodily action, labour.
    -4 Teaching, instruction; क्रिया हि वस्तूपहिता प्रसीदति R.3.29. क्रिया हि द्रव्यं विनयति नाद्रव्यम् Kau. A.1.5.
    -5 Possession of some act (as of singing, dancing &c.), knowledge; शिष्टा क्रिया कस्यचिदात्मसंस्था M.1.16.
    -6 Practice (opp. शास्त्र theory).
    -7 A literary work, composition; शृणुत मनोभिर- वहितैः क्रियामिमां कालिदासस्य V.1.2; कालिदासस्य क्रियायां कथं परिषदो बहुमानः M.1.
    -8 A purificatory rite, a religious rite or ceremony; Ms.1.43.
    -9 An expiatory rite, expiation.
    -1 (a) The ceremony of offering oblations to the deceased ancestors (श्राद्ध). (b) Obsequies.
    -11 Worship; त्रैतादिषु हरेरर्चा क्रियायै कविभिः 'कृता Bhāg.7.14.39.
    -12 Medical treatment, application of remedies, cure; शीतक्रिया M.4 cold remedies.
    -13 (In gram.) Action, the general idea expressed by a verb.
    -14 Motion.
    -15 Especially, motion as one of the seven categories of the Vaiśeṣikas; see कर्मन्.
    -16 (In law) Judicial investigation by human means (witnesses &c.) or by ordeals.
    -17 Burden of proof; क्रिया स्याद्वादिनोर्द्वयोः, द्वयो- रपि वादिनोः क्रिया प्राप्नोति V. May.
    -18 A verb.
    -19 A noun of action.
    -2 Disquisition.
    -21 Study.
    -22 Means, expedients.
    -23 Instrument, implement.
    -24 A con- struction; कूपप्रपापुष्करिणीवनानां चक्रुः क्रियास्तत्र च धर्मकामाः Bu. Ch.2.12.
    -25 Spirit (अध्यात्म) ?; द्रव्यक्रियाकारकाख्यं धूत्वा यान्त्यपुनर्भवम् Bhāg.12.6.38.
    -Comp. -अन्वित a. practising ritual observances.
    -अपवर्गः 1 completion or termination of an affair, execution of a task; क्रियापवर्गे- ष्वनुजीविसात् कृताः Ki.1.14.
    -2 liberation from ceremoni- al acts, absolution.
    -अभ्युपगमः a special agreement; क्रियाभ्युपगमात्त्वेतत् बीजार्थं यत्प्रदीयते Ms.9.53;
    -अर्थ a.
    1 (a Vedic injunction) enjoining some duty.
    -2 useful for some purpose; अपि क्रियार्थं सुलभं समित्कुशम् Ku.5.33.
    -अव- सन्न a. one who loses a law-suit through the statements of the witnesses &c.
    -आरम्भः Cooking; आत्मार्थं च क्रिया- रम्भः Ms.11.64.
    -इन्द्रियम् see कर्मेंन्द्रिय.
    -कलापः 1 the whole body of ceremonies enjoined in the Hindu religi- ous law.
    -2 all the particulars or points of any business.
    -कल्पः a particular mode of diognosis.
    -काण्डम् The portion of a श्रुति text treating of the sacrifices.
    -कारः 1 an agent, worker.
    -2 a beginner, tyro, a fresh student.
    -3 an agreement.
    -तन्त्रम् one of the four classes of Tantras; Buddha.
    -द्वेषिन् m. a witness whose testimony is prejudicial to the cause (one of the five kinds of witnesses).
    -द्वैतम् efficient cause.
    -निर्देशः evidence.
    -पटु a. dexterous.
    -पथः mode of medical treatment.
    -पदम् a verb.
    -पर a. diligent in the perfor- mance of one's duty.
    -पादः the third division of a legal plaint; that is, witnesses, documents and other proofs adduced by the plaintiff or complainant.
    -माधुर्यम् beauty of art and architecture; अहो क्रियामाधुर्यं पाषाणानाम् Pratimā 3.
    -यज्ञः religious rites (such as गर्भाधानसंस्कार); Mb.1.18.5.
    -योगः 1 connection with the verb.
    -2 the employment of expedients or means; तदा तत्प्रतिकाराच्च सततं वा विचिन्तनात् । आधिव्याधिप्रशमनं क्रियायोगद्वये न तु ॥ Mb. 3.2.23.
    -3 the practical form of Yoga philosophy i. e. active devotion.
    -लोपः omission or discontinuance of any of the essential ceremonies of the Hindu religion; क्रिया- लोपाद् वृषलत्वं गताः Ms.1.43.
    -वशः necessary influence of acts done.
    -वाचक, -वाचिन् a. expressing any action, as a verbal noun.
    -वादिन् m. a plaintiff, complainant.
    -विधिः a rule of action, manner of any rite; अयमुक्तो विभागो वः पुत्राणां च क्रियाविधिः Ms.9.22.
    -विशेषणम्, 1 an adverb.
    -2 a predicative adjective.
    -शक्तिः f. the power of god (in creating this world).
    -संक्रान्तिः f. imparting (to others) one's knowledge; teaching; विवादे दर्शयिष्यन्तं क्रियासंक्रान्तिमात्मनः M.1.19.
    -समभिहारः [cf. P.III.1.22] the repetition of any act; क्रियासम- भिहारेण विराध्यन्तं क्षमेत कः Śi.2.43.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > क्रिया _kriyā

  • 6 सिद्धिः _siddhiḥ

    सिद्धिः f. [सिध्-क्तिन्]
    1 Accomplishment, fulfil- ment, completion, perfection, complete attainment (of an object); विरोधि सिद्धेरिति कर्तुमुद्यतः Ki.14.8; क्रियासिद्धिः सत्त्वे भवति महतां नोपकरणे Subhāṣ.
    -2 Success, prosperity, welfare, well-being.
    -3 Establishment, settlement.
    -4 Substantiation, demonstration, proof, indisputable conclusion.
    -5 Validity (of a rule, law &c.).
    -6 Deci- sion; adjudication, settlement (of a law-suit); कार्यकारण- सिद्धौ च प्रसन्ना बुद्धिरव्यया Rām.4.18.47; तस्मान्न लेखसामर्थ्यात् सिद्धिरैकान्तिकी मता Śukra. 4.726.
    -7 Certainty, truth, accuracy, correctness.
    -8 Payment, liquidation (of a debt); अधमर्णार्थसिद्ध्यर्थमुत्तमर्णेन चोदितः Ms.8.47.
    -9 Pre- paring, cooking (as of drugs &c.).
    -1 The solution of a problem.
    -11 Readiness.
    -12 Complete purity or sanctification.
    -13 A superhuman power of faculty; (these faculties are eight:-- अणिमा लघिमा प्राप्तिः प्राकाम्यं महिमा तथा । ईशित्वं च वशित्वं च तथा कामावसायिता ॥).
    -14 The acquisition of supernatural powers by magical means.
    -15 Marvellous skill or capability.
    -16 Good effect or result.
    -17 Final beatitude, final emancipation.
    -18 Understanding, intellect.
    -19 Concealment, vanishing, making oneself invisible.
    -2 A magical shoe (suppos- ed to convey the wearer wherever he likes).
    -21 A kind of Yoga.
    -22 N. of Durgā.
    -23 Complete know- ledge.
    -24 Advantage, use, good effect.
    -25 N. of Śiva (m. in this sense).
    -26 Efficacy, efficiency.
    -27 Becoming intelligible (as sounds or words).
    -28 (In Rhet.) The pointing out in the same person of various good qualities.
    -Comp. -द a.
    1 granting success or supreme felicity.
    -2 giving the eight superhuman faculties; हृदि विनिहितरूपः सिद्धिदस्तद्विदां यः Māl.5.1. (
    -दः) an epithet of Śiva.
    -दात्री an epithet of Durgā.
    -योगः a particular suspicious conjunction of planets.
    -विनायकः a form of Gaṇeśa.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > सिद्धिः _siddhiḥ

  • 7 livret

    livret [livʀε]
    1. masculine noun
       b. ( = catalogue) catalogue
    ► livret de caisse d'épargne ( = carnet) bankbook ; ( = compte) savings account
    ► livret de famille records of marriage, divorce, births and deaths
    * * *
    livʀɛ
    nom masculin
    1) ( livre) booklet
    2) ( d'opéra) libretto
    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    livʀɛ nm
    1) (= livre) booklet
    2) [opéra] libretto
    * * *
    livret nm
    1 ( livre) booklet, small book; ( registre) record book;
    2 ( d'opéra) libretto.
    livret de caisse d'épargne ≈ savings book GB, bankbook (for a savings account) US; livret d'épargne logement ≈ building society passbook GB, bankbook US; livret de famille family record book; livret militaire record given on completion of military service stating obligations in case of mobilization; livret scolaire school report book.
    ⓘ Livret de famille An official record of family status (births, marriages and deaths) which is used as proof of family links.
    [livrɛ] nom masculin
    1. [carnet] notebook
    livret militaire army ou military record

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > livret

  • 8 समाधि


    sam-ādhi
    m. putting together, joining orﾠ combining with (instr.) Lāṭy. ;

    a joint orﾠ a partic. position of the neck Kir. ;
    union, a whole, aggregate, set R. Hariv. Ragh. ;
    completion, accomplishment, conclusion Kum. ;
    setting to rights, adjustment, settlement MBh. ;
    justification of a statement, proof Sarvad. ;
    bringing into harmony, agreement, assent W. RPrāt. ;
    intense application orﾠ fixing the mind on, intentness, attention (- dhiṉ-kṛi, « to attend») MBh. R. etc.;
    concentration of the thoughts, profound orﾠ abstract meditation, intense contemplation of any particular object (so as to identify the contemplator with the object meditated upon;
    this is the eighth andﾠ last stage of Yoga <lW. 93>;
    with Buddhists Samādhi is the fourth andﾠ last stage of Dhyāna orﾠ intense abstract meditation MWB. 209 ;
    in the Kāraṇḍa-vyūha several Samādhi are enumerated) Up. Buddh. MBh. etc.;
    intense absorption orﾠ a kind of trance MBh. Kāv. etc.;
    a sanctuary orﾠ tomb of a saint W. RTL. 261 ;
    (in rhet.) N. of various figures of speech (defined as ārohâ̱varohakrama, artha-dṛishṭi, anya-dharmāṇāmanyatrâ̱dhirohaṇa etc.), Kāvyâd. Vām. Kpr. etc.;
    N. of the 17th Kalpa (q.v.), of the 17th Arhat of the future Utsarpiṇī L. ;
    of a Vaiṡya Cat. (accord. toﾠ L. alsoﾠ silence;
    a religious vow of intense devotion orﾠ self-imposed abstraction;
    support, upholding;
    continuance;
    perseverance in difficulties;
    attempting impossibilities;
    collecting orﾠ laying up grain in times of dearth);
    - garbha m. N. of a Bodhi-sattva Buddh. ;
    - tva n. the state of profound meditation orﾠ devotion Sarvad. ;
    - nishṭha mfn. devoted to meditation Pañcat. ;
    - parihāṇi f. diminution of meditation Dharmas. 59 ;
    - prakaraṇa n. N. of wk.;
    - bala n. the force of meditation Dharmas. 75 ;
    - bhaṅga m. the disturbing orﾠ interruption of meditation Pañcat. ;
    - bhṛit mfn. absorbed in meditation Ṡiṡ. ;
    - bheda m. (= - bhaṅga) Kum. ;
    - bhedin mfn. one who interrupts meditation Ragh. ;
    - mat mfn. absorbed in meditation Kum. ;
    attentive R. ;
    making a promise orﾠ assent orﾠ permission W. ;
    - matikā f. N. of a woman Mālav. (v.l. for samāhitikā in B.);
    - yoga m. employment of meditation, the efficacy of contemplation MW. ;
    - yoga-rddhi-tapo-vidyāvirakti-mat mfn. possessing orﾠ accompanied with meditation andﾠ self-abstraction andﾠ supernatural power andﾠ mortification andﾠ knowledge andﾠ indifference BhP. ;
    - rāja m. N. of wk.;
    - vigraha m. embodiment of meditation;
    - vidhi m. N. of wk.;
    - samānatā f. N. of a Samādhi Buddh. ;
    - stha mfn. absorbed in meditation Pañcat. ;
    - sthala n. N. of a place in Brahmā. 's world Kathās.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > समाधि

  • 9 साधन


    sā́dhana
    mf (ī orﾠ ā) jn. leading straight to a goal, guiding well, furthering RV. ;

    effective, efficient, productive of (comp.) MBh. Kāv. etc.;
    procuring Kāv. ;
    conjuring up (a spirit) Kathās. ;
    denoting, designating, expressive of (comp.) Pāṇ. Sch. ;
    m. N. of the author of RV. X, 157 (having the patr. bhauvana) Anukr. ;
    (ā) f. accomplishment, performance ( seeﾠ mantra-s-);
    propitiation, worship, adoration L. ;
    (am) n. (ifc. f. ā), the act of mastering, overpowering, subduing Kir. Pañcat. ;
    subdueing by charms, conjuring up, summoning (spirits etc.) MBh. Kathās. ;
    subduing a disease, healing, cure Suṡr. MBh. etc.;
    enforcing payment orﾠ recovery (of a debt) Daṡ. ;
    bringing about, carrying out, accomplishment, fullilment, completion, perfection Nir. MBh. etc.;
    establishment of a truth, proof. argument, demonstration Yājñ. Sāh. Sarvad. ;
    reason orﾠ premiss (in a syllogism, leading to a conclusion) Mudr. V, 10 ;
    any means of effecting orﾠ accomplishing, any agent orﾠ instrument orﾠ implement orﾠ utensil orﾠ apparatus, an expedient, requisite for (gen. orﾠ comp.) Mn. R. etc.;
    a means of summoning orﾠ conjuring up a spirit ( orﾠ deity) Kālac. ;
    means orﾠ materials of warfare, military forces, army orﾠ portion of an army (sg. andﾠ pl.) Hariv. Uttar. Rājat. ;
    conflict, battle Ṡiṡ. ;
    means of correcting orﾠ punishing (as « a stick», « rod» etc.) TBr. Sch. ;
    means of enjoyment, goods, commodities etc. R. ;
    efficient cause orﾠ source (in general) L. ;
    organ of generation (male orﾠ female), Sah. ;
    (in gram.) the sense of the instrumental orﾠ agent (as expressed by the case of a noun, opp. to the action itself) Pat. ;
    preparing, making ready, preparation (of food, poison etc.) Kathās. MārkP. ;
    obtaining, procuring, gain, acquisition Kāv. BhP. ;
    finding out by calculation, computation Gaṇit. ;
    fruit, result Pañcat. ;
    the conjugational affix orﾠ suffix which is placed between the root andﾠ terminations (= vīharaṇa q.v.) Pāṇ. 8-4, 30 Vārtt. 1 ;
    (only L. matter, material, substance, ingredient, drug, medicine;
    good works, penance, self-mortification, attainment of beatitude;
    conciliation, propitiation, worship;
    killing, destroying;
    killing metals, depriving them by oxydation etc. of their metallic properties <esp. said of mercury>;
    burning on a funeral pile, obsequies;
    setting out, proceeding, going;
    going quickly;
    going after, following.)
    - साधनक्रिया
    - साधनक्षम
    - साधनचतुष्टय
    - साधनता
    - साधनत्व
    - साधनदीपिका
    - साधननिर्देश
    - साधनपञ्चक
    - साधनपत्त्र
    - साधनपद्धति
    - साधनभाग
    - साधनमालातन्त्र
    - साधनमुक्तावली
    - साधनरूपिन्
    - साधनवत्
    - साधनसागर
    - साधनसुबोधनी

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > साधन

  • 10 нормальное завершение

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > нормальное завершение

  • 11 Creativity

       Put in this bald way, these aims sound utopian. How utopian they areor rather, how imminent their realization-depends on how broadly or narrowly we interpret the term "creative." If we are willing to regard all human complex problem solving as creative, then-as we will point out-successful programs for problem solving mechanisms that simulate human problem solvers already exist, and a number of their general characteristics are known. If we reserve the term "creative" for activities like discovery of the special theory of relativity or the composition of Beethoven's Seventh Symphony, then no example of a creative mechanism exists at the present time. (Simon, 1979, pp. 144-145)
       Among the questions that can now be given preliminary answers in computational terms are the following: how can ideas from very different sources be spontaneously thought of together? how can two ideas be merged to produce a new structure, which shows the influence of both ancestor ideas without being a mere "cut-and-paste" combination? how can the mind be "primed," so that one will more easily notice serendipitous ideas? why may someone notice-and remember-something fairly uninteresting, if it occurs in an interesting context? how can a brief phrase conjure up an entire melody from memory? and how can we accept two ideas as similar ("love" and "prove" as rhyming, for instance) in respect of a feature not identical in both? The features of connectionist AI models that suggest answers to these questions are their powers of pattern completion, graceful degradation, sensitization, multiple constraint satisfaction, and "best-fit" equilibration.... Here, the important point is that the unconscious, "insightful," associative aspects of creativity can be explained-in outline, at least-by AI methods. (Boden, 1996, p. 273)
       There thus appears to be an underlying similarity in the process involved in creative innovation and social independence, with common traits and postures required for expression of both behaviors. The difference is one of product-literary, musical, artistic, theoretical products on the one hand, opinions on the other-rather than one of process. In both instances the individual must believe that his perceptions are meaningful and valid and be willing to rely upon his own interpretations. He must trust himself sufficiently that even when persons express opinions counter to his own he can proceed on the basis of his own perceptions and convictions. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 58)
       he average level of ego strength and emotional stability is noticeably higher among creative geniuses than among the general population, though it is possibly lower than among men of comparable intelligence and education who go into administrative and similar positions. High anxiety and excitability appear common (e.g. Priestley, Darwin, Kepler) but full-blown neurosis is quite rare. (Cattell & Butcher, 1970, p. 315)
       he insight that is supposed to be required for such work as discovery turns out to be synonymous with the familiar process of recognition; and other terms commonly used in the discussion of creative work-such terms as "judgment," "creativity," or even "genius"-appear to be wholly dispensable or to be definable, as insight is, in terms of mundane and well-understood concepts. (Simon, 1989, p. 376)
       From the sketch material still in existence, from the condition of the fragments, and from the autographs themselves we can draw definite conclusions about Mozart's creative process. To invent musical ideas he did not need any stimulation; they came to his mind "ready-made" and in polished form. In contrast to Beethoven, who made numerous attempts at shaping his musical ideas until he found the definitive formulation of a theme, Mozart's first inspiration has the stamp of finality. Any Mozart theme has completeness and unity; as a phenomenon it is a Gestalt. (Herzmann, 1964, p. 28)
       Great artists enlarge the limits of one's perception. Looking at the world through the eyes of Rembrandt or Tolstoy makes one able to perceive aspects of truth about the world which one could not have achieved without their aid. Freud believed that science was adaptive because it facilitated mastery of the external world; but was it not the case that many scientific theories, like works of art, also originated in phantasy? Certainly, reading accounts of scientific discovery by men of the calibre of Einstein compelled me to conclude that phantasy was not merely escapist, but a way of reaching new insights concerning the nature of reality. Scientific hypotheses require proof; works of art do not. Both are concerned with creating order, with making sense out of the world and our experience of it. (Storr, 1993, p. xii)
       The importance of self-esteem for creative expression appears to be almost beyond disproof. Without a high regard for himself the individual who is working in the frontiers of his field cannot trust himself to discriminate between the trivial and the significant. Without trust in his own powers the person seeking improved solutions or alternative theories has no basis for distinguishing the significant and profound innovation from the one that is merely different.... An essential component of the creative process, whether it be analysis, synthesis, or the development of a new perspective or more comprehensive theory, is the conviction that one's judgment in interpreting the events is to be trusted. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 59)
       In the daily stream of thought these four different stages [preparation; incubation; illumination or inspiration; and verification] constantly overlap each other as we explore different problems. An economist reading a Blue Book, a physiologist watching an experiment, or a business man going through his morning's letters, may at the same time be "incubating" on a problem which he proposed to himself a few days ago, be accumulating knowledge in "preparation" for a second problem, and be "verifying" his conclusions to a third problem. Even in exploring the same problem, the mind may be unconsciously incubating on one aspect of it, while it is consciously employed in preparing for or verifying another aspect. (Wallas, 1926, p. 81)
       he basic, bisociative pattern of the creative synthesis [is] the sudden interlocking of two previously unrelated skills, or matrices of thought. (Koestler, 1964, p. 121)
        11) The Earliest Stages in the Creative Process Involve a Commerce with Disorder
       Even to the creator himself, the earliest effort may seem to involve a commerce with disorder. For the creative order, which is an extension of life, is not an elaboration of the established, but a movement beyond the established, or at least a reorganization of it and often of elements not included in it. The first need is therefore to transcend the old order. Before any new order can be defined, the absolute power of the established, the hold upon us of what we know and are, must be broken. New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive that world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." (Ghiselin, 1985, p. 4)
       New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive our world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." Chaos and disorder are perhaps the wrong terms for that indeterminate fullness and activity of the inner life. For it is organic, dynamic, full of tension and tendency. What is absent from it, except in the decisive act of creation, is determination, fixity, and commitment to one resolution or another of the whole complex of its tensions. (Ghiselin, 1952, p. 13)
       [P]sychoanalysts have principally been concerned with the content of creative products, and with explaining content in terms of the artist's infantile past. They have paid less attention to examining why the artist chooses his particular activity to express, abreact or sublimate his emotions. In short, they have not made much distinction between art and neurosis; and, since the former is one of the blessings of mankind, whereas the latter is one of the curses, it seems a pity that they should not be better differentiated....
       Psychoanalysis, being fundamentally concerned with drive and motive, might have been expected to throw more light upon what impels the creative person that in fact it has. (Storr, 1993, pp. xvii, 3)
       A number of theoretical approaches were considered. Associative theory, as developed by Mednick (1962), gained some empirical support from the apparent validity of the Remote Associates Test, which was constructed on the basis of the theory.... Koestler's (1964) bisociative theory allows more complexity to mental organization than Mednick's associative theory, and postulates "associative contexts" or "frames of reference." He proposed that normal, non-creative, thought proceeds within particular contexts or frames and that the creative act involves linking together previously unconnected frames.... Simonton (1988) has developed associative notions further and explored the mathematical consequences of chance permutation of ideas....
       Like Koestler, Gruber (1980; Gruber and Davis, 1988) has based his analysis on case studies. He has focused especially on Darwin's development of the theory of evolution. Using piagetian notions, such as assimilation and accommodation, Gruber shows how Darwin's system of ideas changed very slowly over a period of many years. "Moments of insight," in Gruber's analysis, were the culminations of slow long-term processes.... Finally, the information-processing approach, as represented by Simon (1966) and Langley et al. (1987), was considered.... [Simon] points out the importance of good problem representations, both to ensure search is in an appropriate problem space and to aid in developing heuristic evaluations of possible research directions.... The work of Langley et al. (1987) demonstrates how such search processes, realized in computer programs, can indeed discover many basic laws of science from tables of raw data.... Boden (1990a, 1994) has stressed the importance of restructuring the problem space in creative work to develop new genres and paradigms in the arts and sciences. (Gilhooly, 1996, pp. 243-244; emphasis in original)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Creativity

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